Monday, December 30, 2019

Professional Athletes Have Become A Major Part Of American...

Professional athletes have become a major part of American popular culture. Athletes are idolized as heroes and legends that defy all odds and create history. Some of these athletes perform at such a high level that they are considered worthy of induction into the hall of fame for their sport. However, high performance is not the only criteria a professional athlete should have to meet in order to qualify for a spot in the hall of fame. A professional athlete should have been recognized as exhibiting an extraordinary level of performance, be a moral person who follows the rules of the game, and be retired from the sport in order to be inducted into a hall of fame. With these three methods of rating an athlete’s performance, a professional sports organization can deem whether or not the athlete deserves the high honor of becoming an inductee. For an athlete to be considered hall of fame worthy, they must break the mold of the typical performance of an athlete in their sport. The greatest athletes in history have been inducted into a hall of fame because they have performed at a higher level than their contemporaries by breaking records and consistently scoring statistically higher than other players. An athlete that is inducted to the hall of fame should make history for their team, position or sport due to their high performance. In this way, hall of fames operate for the dual purpose of highlighting the career of the athlete and the achievements they have made, andShow MoreRelatedBaseball And Its Impact On Baseball1736 Words   |  7 Pages As the game of baseball started to become popular, many people became interested in the game. Baseball fanatics fell in love with the sport, but not everyone could play. Racial discrimination found its way to baseball when the game was first discovered and created many controve rsies that prevented many colored players from playing the game because of their skin color. This could be part of the reason why in today’s culture, you do not see many black Americans playing the game of baseball. The steadyRead MoreShould Sports Medicine Be Increased Popular Among Students?1445 Words   |  6 PagesThousands of students apply to college every year. Most likely one of the students’ first thoughts is what he is going choose to study. There are numerous majors to choose from, and each provide the student with multiple opportunities for jobs once he has completed college. One major that is becoming popular is exercise science. Exercise Science is the scientific study or analysis of physical activity/exercise. Due to the fact that there are a variety of different exercises/ ways to be physicallyRead MoreEsports: Informative Paper1250 Words   |  5 PagesAttention-Grabbing introduction: Staple center, Los Angeles, California. Friday November, 4th 2013 1:24PM The Championship match. After a weekend full of ups and downs, twist and turns it all comes to this. 1 week earlier, the previous Friday thousands have flown down to the heart of it all. Crowded around the event hall doors, people everywhere, spectators itching to get the best seats. Players going over in game builds, timings, and strategies just one more time until the doors finally open. 8 teamsRead MoreGatorade Marketing Campaign : Gatorade1066 Words   |  5 Pages Moments after the final whistle of the Super Bowl this year, Americans once again witnessed an iconic scene: a giant cooler of orange iced liquid poured over the coach’s head. Gatorade has secured this image year after year through a revolutionary marketing strategy. Gatorade’s advertising campaigns have been convincing, unique, and creative. Gatorade single-handedly created the market of sports drinks, and they were required to create campaigns that would prove to the world that their drinks wouldRead MoreCollegiate Athletic Practices Of Collegiate Sports1430 Words   |  6 PagesCollegiate sports in America are on pace to surpass the popularity of American professional sports. The growth of the NCAA has led to numerous complications. Taking a step back, the NCAA started off with a small number of schools that offered Division 1 athletics. Currently, there are roughly 350 schools that offer Division 1 athletics. The schools are divided into 3 branches major, high –major, and mid-major. At the top, the major division consists of the larger universities which brings in the largestRead MoreThe Asian Athlete : A Cultural Icon Of Chinese American Communities1708 Words   |  7 PagesAsian athlete are often seen as the model minority for their overly conforming attitudes towards American culture (Martin, 2015). The Asian athlete offers the image of the patriotic immigrant subject who asks little to nothing of the nation and praises the nation for the opportunities it presents (Joo, 2012). One example is found by Mayeda (1999) regarding Japanese pitcher Hideo Nomo’s first year in the major league (1995), as the American sports media viewed him conforming entirely to American beliefsRead MoreIf It Happened There : The Brutal Contest Of Strength And Strategy885 Words   |  4 PagesIn Joshua Keating’s essay â€Å"If It Happened There: In Brutal Contest of Strength and Strategy, a Culture Is Revealed† published on Slate.com in January 2014, the author utilizes polarizing diction, juxtaposition, pedantic diction, and synecdoche to achieve the purpose of showing that the Super Bowl is a tradition that unifies American Society. The author sets the stage of his article by talking about the upcoming Super Bowl. He uses distinct adjectives to create imagery that in turn sets the moodRead MoreEmployment Trends Are Not Always A Bad Thing812 Words   |  4 PagesEmployment Trends Trends are not always a bad thing, contrary to popular beliefs. It’s actually something that can inspire change growth as I’ve seen with my experiences. Sometimes bias prejudice may produce certain disadvantages for targeted groups, employment trends may be a benefit. Through my experiences in activities that I’ve engaged with, problems I’ve encountered, the professional growth gained is one in which I would like to share to others for the sole benefit of becoming a bridgeRead MoreEssay on Do Not Judge Me: Stereotypes are Ruining Our Society1513 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes â€Å"Dumbjocks†, â€Å"Women don’t belong in a professional setting, they belong in the kitchen†, â€Å"He must be a Jew, just look at his nose.(stereotypes and prejudices, para. 1) Today’s society is based solely on face values where people tend to place someone in a category because of those individuals actions. (Mcrae Stangore, 1996, p. 13) Pr ejudicial notations used to define members of a social or ethnic group are called stereotypes. People stereotype various groups of people, but none likeRead MoreThe Governing Body And League Format For American Football1600 Words   |  7 Pages The NFL, the governing body and league format for American football is the largest grossing sporting league in the world. The sport symbolises and embodies American culture as it is fast paced, dazzling razzmatazz of a show brought to a conclusion every year by the greatest show on earth, the Super Bowl. The themes explored are going to be America’s issue with race, how the sport has evolved with TV and commercialism linking the sport to capitalism and the free market. And just like the opening

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Apartheid And Racial Segregation - 1341 Words

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries lynching and racial segregation were terrible problems. Mob violence killed black men, women and children indiscriminately, often for crimes they had no part in or that were not even committed. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was born a slave, to James and Elizabeth Wells during the Civil War. She attended Rust College, which was partly founded by her father in Mississippi. After Wells’ parents died to yellow fever she attained a teaching position at a local school by lying about her age. After some time teaching she moved to Memphis with two of her sisters, where she acquired another teaching position and continued her schooling at Fisk University. While her professional life was moderately successful, her personal life was dismal, however, â€Å"it is the very qualities that problematize her personal relationships†¦ that will impel her to undertake†¦ a courageous crusade against lynching† (DeCosta-Willis). Being a freed bl ack woman in the south, Wells had firsthand knowledge of the segregation and racial tension of the time. This knowledge and her experiences gave her insights about the South that were crucial in her successful crusade against lynching and segregation. Wells’ experiences living and writing in Memphis paved the way for her later, and more influential time writing for New York Age. Wells became active in the fight against segregation when, while riding the train one day, she refused to leave a car meant only for white women,Show MoreRelatedApartheid : A System Of Racial Segregation1176 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is apartheid – It comes from the Dutch language, with the heid part meaning hood, for apart-hood. The word is pronounced apart-hate. Apartheid - Dictionary Definition. Vocabulary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2016 Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and a racist political policy in South Africa demanding division of the country’s white and non-white populations for nearly 50 years. In 1652, a group of people from the Netherlands settled in South Africa. The Netherlands are alsoRead MoreApartheid, Racial Segregation And White Domination1691 Words   |  7 PagesApartheid, meaning â€Å"apartness†, describes the racial segregation and white domination in the South African state from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, blacks had limited opportunities and were essentially cut off from the rest of society. After years of activists such as Nelson Mandela and Robert Sobukwe fighting for equality, apartheid was finally abolished. However, racism still exists throughout South Africa, even though it dons a more subtle appearance. While apartheid was officially declaredRead MoreCape Town Is South Africa1659 Words   |  7 PagesJohannesburg as the nations largest city. This capit al city is known for is breathtaking landscapes and vibrant culture. However, Cape Town is home to a conflicted history in which is still evident in it’s urban fabric today. Apartheid, South Africa’s system of racial segregation created an immense divide in the populations of Cape Town. Not only was this divide social, but it was physical as well. Communities were segregated by race into varying townships. While this injustice was ended nearly twoRead MoreFor the Good of South Africa in Theophilus Msimangus Cry, the Beloved Country 1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthe book. Msimangu hoped for people living in South Africa to forget race and to instead think of what would best help the country. Although South Africa has been on a rocky path, they do seem to have taken a turn on the right path, on the path to racial equality for all. Unfortunately, South Africa has not fully met Msimangus ideas on which people of all races work together solely to help for the good of the cou ntry. Msimangu is a strong important character, and throughout the book he seems toRead More21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race?1642 Words   |  7 Pages21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race? Racial segregation was a concept that began in early history and is still prevalent in some societies today. It is often seen as a destructive forceful tactic of separating individuals based on their racial background. However, many new immigrants voluntarily choose to live in a segregated society. Segregation can be easily seen in certain communities where there is a concentration containing a particular racial group. The area where oneRead MoreHow the Apartheid Came to Be in South Africa1184 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1948, apartheid was introduced to South Africa. Apartheid means apartness and is the political policy of racial segregation. Each racial group was segregated from other races within South Africa. These groups consisted of whites, blacks and coloreds (Asians and Indians). The minority white population had the rule over the whole country. Apartheid did not only detach whites from non-whites, but it also set apart the Blacks from the Coloreds. When apartheid ended in 1994 a legacy was leftRead MoreStruggles of Apartheid and Segregation831 Words   |  3 Pagespeople during the 1900’s enacted multiple laws to limit the role that blacks had in both the United States and Apartheid. The laws enacted during Racial Segregation in the U.S. and Apartheid is similar because the whites did terrible things to the black population but was luckily stopped by monumental men like Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK) Throughout Apartheid and Segregation in the U.S. there were laws enacted to keep blacks from doing many things. As Merriman and Winter get intoRead MoreInternational Responses Of The Apartheid1195 Words   |  5 Pagesplatform of segregation and racism under the slogan ‘Apartheid’. To a greater a extent, during the 1980s, the apartheid government came under increasing international pressure to end apartheid. There was no difference between apartheid and the policy of segregation of South Africa which existed before the National Party came into power in 1948. The fact that South Africa made apartheid part of the law of the country was the only difference. Although apartheid was seen as worse than segregation becauseRead MoreUnjust and Corrupt Practices in South African Government1019 Words   |  5 Pagestheir government, the apartheid and the African National Congress. The South African people suffered from injustice and corruption in both white and black governments. The apartheid system consists of all-white government officials, while the African National Congress consists of people of color. The leaders of apartheid and the ANC both participated in corrupt and unjust practices that resulted in the ill-treatment of the people, poverty levels, and criminal rates. The apartheid system demonstratedRead MoreSouth Africa Apartheid And Oppression1695 Words   |  7 Pages South Africa Apartheid (oppression) Oppression is at the root of many of the most serious, enduring conflicts in the world today. Racial and religious conflicts; conflicts between dictatorial governments and their citizens; the battle between the sexes; conflicts between management and labor; and conflicts between heterosexuals and homosexuals all stem, in whole or in part, to oppression. It’s similar to an article in south africa that people have with racial segregation between black and white

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Accepting Personal Responsibility †Essay Free Essays

Chapter 2 Accepting Personal Responsibility There is great value in perceiving ourselves as the primary creators of the outcomes and experiences of our lives. At the very least, we are responsible for how we respond to any event, whether the event is of our creation or not. When academic outcomes and experiences are negative, many students blame others, often teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on Accepting Personal Responsibility – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now When academic outcomes and experiences are positive, many students credit others. Since the cause of their results is seen as existing outside of themselves, these students have no reason to evaluate and possibly change their own behaviors. Students like this typically wait for the world to change while they complain, blame, make excuses, and repeat ineffective behaviors. They may even blame themselves, all the while thinking there is nothing they can do to change their fate. By offering students the opportunity to see how their own choices contribute to their past, present, and future outcomes, we empower them to approach life with the beliefs and behaviors of a Creator, thus giving up the passivity and bitterness of a Victim. Empowers Students to . . . 1. Accept a Creator role, taking responsibility for creating the outcome and experiences of their lives (including their education), and reject the Victim role, giving up complaining, blaming, excusing, and paralyzing self-judgment. 2. Master Creator language, understanding that Creators and Victims choose different ways of thinking and speaking about their experiences, consequently changing both their perceptions of reality and the outcomes that they create. . Live more consciously, becoming more aware of their inner aspects—Inner Critic, Inner Defender, and Inner Guide, among others—and the corresponding inner dialogue that dictates students’ subsequent actions. 4. Make wise choices by consciously recognizing important decision points in their lives, identifying all possible options at this point, and making decisions with awareness of their future consequences. 5. Make mature decisions, choosing to make long-term gain more important than immediate pleasure or immediate escape from discomfort. 6. Replace outer authority with inner authority, and resistance with cooperation. 7. Gain greater control over the outcomes of their lives. Engaging students in the exploration of JOURNAL ENTRIES, CASE STUDIES, ONE STUDENT’S STORY, EMBRACING CHANGE, ON COURSE AT WORK, QUOTATIONS, CARTOONS, FOCUS QUESTIONS, CHAPTER-OPENING CHARTS and STUDY SKILLS. How to cite Accepting Personal Responsibility – Essay, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

It Management Integrated Strategy

Question: Discuss about theIt Management for Integrated Strategy. Answer: Introduction: The international leader within the cosmetic industry had revitalize that the sales force and the sales number through moving the inter brand competitive benefits to the focused customer, along with setting norms, right practices, integrated strategy, which could focused on information and empowers the sales force (Bartlett Ghoshal, 1998). This report will focus towards the present business operations, current issues, areas of sales and future trend and competitive benefits gained by Cosmetics Company (Bartlett Ghoshal, 1998). Outline Current Business Operation Global cosmetic company is the top growing industry in the world that sell directly to the customers. In this industry, the client is the presently market leader. In the last around 20 years, the international beauty market had expanded by around 4.5% in the year on an average, having the yearly growth rate that had increased from 3% to around 5.5% (Bartlett Ghoshal, 1998). The business operations of the industry includes the cosmetic and toiletries, along with personal care products. This market had highly proven its ability to attain the continuous and stable growth along with its capacity in case of resilience in most of the unfavourable conditions of economy (Bartlett Ghoshal, 1998). The international beauty market is mainly categorized in the five key segments of business like, colour, skincare, toiletries and haircare. All the above segments are quite complementary and by their diversity they are successfully able to satisfy the requirements and expectations of the customer in context to cosmetics (Bartlett Ghoshal, 1998). Beauty items could be easily sub categorized in the mass production and premium segments, as per the price, brand prestige, and used distribution channels. As per international perspective, the mass segment presents around 72% of the complete sales in the year 2010, where else the premium segment highly accounts to around 28% (Bartlett Ghoshal, 1998). Most of the international premium cosmetic sales is highly focused towards developed markets like France, US and Japan. Current Issues Faced by the Cosmetics Company Global cosmetic company includes the wide range of items, which owned around 50% of the total market that consist of around 30000 salons. This company also includes around four competing team of sales, which vary for the customers (Nolan Zhang, 2003). It is evident that, the growth in this company is quite rapid from last five years, which had fluctuate among -1 percent to around +1 percent yearly. The problems that are explored is neither related to the sales team, which doesnt have the actual knowledge about the customers, and they had done little to target them (Nolan Zhang, 2003). It is noted that the culture was quite entrepreneurial; therefore, the sales people are not highly inclined towards the real process, and the basic model of business depends over the competition going inter brand (Anderson Gatignon, 1986). The real and successful transformation would need the commitment towards the new goals of sales, process of sales, approaches of measurement, incentive system of t raining, accountabilities and organizational structure. Brand relationships requires to be properly redefined, and to move through the instigating the competitors existing among the multiple as well as complementary brands (Nolan Zhang, 2003). Areas of the Sales and Customer Service Needed to Handle The A.T. Kearney team tries to work with the firm in order to explore the growth drivers, address the organizational challenges, structure, and even refine the sales and marketing needs (Rugman Collinson, 2004). The analysis of scenario establish the stage for the purpose of evaluating the economic attractiveness related to the proposed strategies as well as ability towards reversing the strategies, which had failed earlier. The company make use of outcomes that tries to create the detailed model of customer targeting and even lay out the tools and process, which requires to refocus and help the sales company (Rugman Collinson, 2004). The guided road map for the transition through the competitive approach of sales force towards the integrated model of coordinated sales as well as marketing plans (Rugman Collinson, 2004). Our team apply the focus group for the purpose of gaining the trust of customers. The extensive analysis highly revealed the significance of high brand of loyalty and the one mainly effective for the customers and salon buyers (Rugman Collinson, 2004). Better focusing over the high profile and lucrative accounts prevent the waste efforts over the less account. The company make use of pilots, test, and workshops for introducing the sales force new approach, supporting in determining the resistance and permit time towards refining the process (Rugman Collinson, 2004). The CTPA depicts the distributors, manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers for supplying the services and ingredients, which includes 80% through the UK market value in case of finished cosmetic items. The cosmetic market of UK is highly worth the 8438 million, which is considered as one of the top EU markets. It is noted that cosmetic market of EU is highly worth the 72 billion at the 2013retail sales price, which even presents the 1/3rd of the international cosmetic market, that is less than the japan and US market (Rugman Collinson, 2004). There are more than 400 small and medium companies, which operate within the cosmetic industry of EU. Each year it is noted that quarter of every cosmetic item in the market is enhanced and completely developed with more than 25000 scientist, along with 520000 students of life science goes in Europe (Rugman Collinson, 2004). Cosmetic includes around 10% of every patent, given to the European Union in the year 2009. The cosmetic industry face the barriers by placing the risk in particular place and depict the variation in hazards and risk (Rugman Collinson, 2004). What are the Future Trends and Competitive Advantages Model and Values they Need to Apply Sale of company increased by 10% as the outcome of enhanced method of sales and product education along with additional 5% uplift of sales was noted to be attributed in the new multi brand approach of the company (Rugman Collinson, 2005). Holding the customer intelligence, the firm was easily able to undertake the customer analysis and explore the new targeted items. Through the more coordinated customer perspective, they will be able to offer the sales management through the glimpse in the effectiveness and productivity of the sales team (Rugman Collinson, 2005). This might result into increase in new accounts and enhanced profitability in previous accounts. The global cosmetic company market is noted to be around 460 billion US$ in the year 2014 and its measured that it might reach up to 675 billion US$ by the year 2020, by enhancing the rate of 6.4% (Rugman Collinson, 2006). From the cosmetic items, its noted that skincare has reached to the highest share of market, where else Oral cosmetics are rapidly expanding as the fastest expanding marketing within the forecasted time phase (Rugman Collinson, 2006). Global cosmetic company is led by APAC, which had attain the market share of 35% in the year 2014, and later on same was achieved by North America and Europe. The increase in market share of various regions of Asia Pacific are highly attributed to the evidence that customers are relatively existing in the regions (Schlie Yip, 2005). APAC is considered as the region that emphasize over the cosmetic offerors. The cosmetics sale is viewed to shift from the traditional form of purchase towards purchasing online. Moreover, enhancement in spending income, mainly in the developing countries is highly moving the market (Schlie Yip, 2005). Along with the above factors, various other factors are highly acting towards constraints towards the industry. Trends and Updates Product innovations- companies are emphasizing towards coming up with items that are specifically as per the needs of customers. Ender particular items are also enhancing the rapid pace (Steenkamp, Batra Alden, 2003). Organic products- increasing concern over the long term impact due to the cosmetic use forces the company in coming up with organic items. The market expects to enhance the period of forecasting (Steenkamp, Batra Alden, 2003). Profiling of cosmetic manufacturers Supplier intelligence includes about the information related to top industry players, such as Estee Launder, Procter and Gamble, LOral, Johnson and Johnson, Henkel and Avon. This will provide the details about the market share of suppliers, along with competitive landscape (Steenkamp, Batra Alden, 2003). Competitive Advantage European market are most likely to go slow in the coming years. This will happen mainly due to the competitive cost existing in the key market players, increasing maturity of items and own label brands consolidation through huge supermarkets that rapidly expand the zones operations such as Eastern Europe (Davidson, 1983). The studied item category includes, hair conditioners, soaps and shampoos. The highest growth in the past years through the soap category is also included. The market is highly categorized through the increasing maturity and huge competition existing among the key brands (Dunning, 1993). Expansion of market is highly attributed towards development of new product like the liquid soaps for the purpose of showers and hand washing, which is supported through the promotional activity and heavy media advertising, which is undertaken by the key manufacturers of brand (Euromonitor, 2003). There are some competitive strategies applied in the sector and is categorized as per the market reports: The significate of added value- the enhanced trend existing towards the products of added value such as items having the deodorizing and moisturizing properties, packaging is highly boosting the value of market. For the purpose of countering the increasing threat through the brands and supermarkets, that has highly sophisticated, had lead the manufacturers to step towards the programs of new product development with extension of brand and re-launching of basic brands, and emphasizing over the convenience and added value (Global Cosmetics Company Improves Sales Force Effectiveness, 2016). For instance, liquid soap for hand-washing including moisturizing, antibacterial, as well as deodorizing properties that are provide in the easy bottles of dispensing. Environmental approach- the increasing concern of environment is highly lead towards the eco-friendly product development that includes natural ingredients, but its also used in refill packages and biodegradable packaging (Global Cosmetics Company Improves Sales Force Effectiveness, 2016). The industry is trying to constantly reach the items that could easily maintain the characteristic of performance, but at the same time it minimizes the environmental effects by reducing the substances that are used in the formation, such as phosphate based items. Mainly, the trend moving towards the natural ingredients is highly accelerated in coming years (Global Cosmetics Company Improves Sales Force Effectiveness, 2016). Brand identity- the key stakeholders in the global market is highly control through the most significant brand in the respective sectors and holds marketing as well as financial resources that could combat with the increasing competition threat. All these manufacturers are highly tend towards the product families, not importantly the similar sector, in the basic brand identity (Johansson Vahlne, 1977). For instance, Colgate Palmolive manufacturers the liquid soap, bar soaps, shampoo, shower gel, and all these products are under the same brand name. Palmolive is also supplied in Middle East, and African market. In case of Asian market, this brand id highly extended for covering the Palmolive naturals, Palmolive botanicals, as well as Palmolive optima (A Study of the European Cosmetics Industry, 2007). This is done for the purpose of increasing the effect of promotional and advertising activity and for promoting the loyalty of brand. Basically, the huge companies operate with the sing le identity of brand for its basic items. This kind of similar behaviour could be viewed in the sector of toilet soaps. Recommendations Conclusion It is recommended that sales and marketing team should be given proper training about the work process of the cosmetic industry, so that, they could plan their action accordingly (Buying green! Green public procurement in Europe. European Commission, 2011). It is again recommended that staff should formulate the strategies that could help the company in targeting more customers and increase the sales. This report is helpful in understanding the issues faced by the company and it became easier to explore the best solutions that, could mitigate the problem. References A Study of the European Cosmetics Industry. (2007). Global Insight. European Commission, Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry. Anderson, E., Gatignon, H.A. (1986). Modes of foreign entry: A transaction cost analysis and propositions. Journal of International Business Studies, 17(3), 126. Bartlett, C., Ghoshal, S. (1998). Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution. (2nd ed.). Harvard Business School Press Buying green! Green public procurement in Europe. European Commission. (2011). Retrieved on: 2nd September 2016, from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/buying_handbook_en.htm Davidson, W.H. (1983). Market similarity and market selection: implications for international marketing strategy. Journal of Business Research, 11(4), 439 456. Dunning, J.H. (1993). Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy. Addison-Wesley Euromonitor. (2003). Cosmetics and toiletries: World market overview. Presentation material at cosmetics trends presentation. Global Cosmetics Company Improves Sales Force Effectiveness. (2016). Retrieved on: 2nd September 2016, from https://www.atkearney.co.uk/consumer-products-retail/case-study/-/asset_publisher/n8AmV6X7ZAO8/content/global-cosmetics-company-improves-sales-force-effectiveness/10192 Johansson, J., Vahlne, J. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 2332. Nolan, P., Zhang, J. (2003). Globalization challenge for large firms from developing countries: Chinas oil and aerospace industries. European Management Journal, 21(3), 285299 Rugman, A.M., Collinson, S. (2004). The regional nature of the worlds automotive sector. European Management Journal, 22(5), 471482. Rugman, A.M., Collinson, S. (2005). Multinational enterprises in the new Europe: Are they really global? Organizational Dynamics, 34(3), 258272. Rugman, A.M., Collinson, S. (2006). Japanese business is regional. In Fratianni, Michele (eds.) Regional Economic Integration. Elsevier: Oxford. Forthcoming. Schlie, E., Yip, G. (2005). Regional follows global: strategy mixes in the world automotive industry. European Management Journal, 18(4), 343354. Steenkamp, J.-E.M., Batra, R., Alden, D.L. (2003). How perceived brand globalness creates brand value. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 5363.